Chapter 4: Wildlife Conservation and Management
Waterfowl

Waterfowl are birds that live near or on water. Examples are ducks and geese, which are found throughout North America.

Puddle Ducks: Waterfowl inhabiting marshes, ponds, lakes, slow rivers and sometimes bays; feeding primarily off the surface of the water

Diving Ducks: Waterfowl inhabiting lakes, ponds, rivers and coastal bays; feeding primarily by diving for fish, shellfish, aquatic plants and mollusks

Eclipse Plumage: Most ducks shed their feathers twice each year. Nearly all drakes lose their bright plumage after breeding and for a few weeks resemble females. This hen-like appearance is called the eclipse plumage.

Range Maps

All animal descriptions are accompanied by a map showing the animal's habitat range. The maps are color-coded as follows:

Male is brown with white crown, green eye patch; green and white on wings visible in flight. Female is mottled brown with gray head. Both have pale blue bill.

Habitat and Habits:
Found on lakes, marshes, and ponds. Makes quacking and whistling sound. Nests in grasses near water; 9 - 11 cream eggs.

Hen

Sexes are similar. Large brown duck with paler brown head and neck; violet patch on wings.

Habitat and Habits:
Summers on freshwater and saltwater marshes; winters along coast. Female quacks when separated from male; male makes soft, reedy noise. Nests in depressions in ground, close to water;
6 - 12 eggs, cream to greenish-buff colored.

Hen

Male is brown and buff speckled; gray head with white crescent in front of eye; pale blue patch on wings. Female is brown speckled; smaller pale blue patch on wings.

Habitat and Habits:
In summer found on small lakes in open grasslands, and in winter on marshes and coastal areas. Male peeps; female quacks. Nests in grasses near water; 6 - 15 white eggs.

Male is mostly white with black back and white patch at back of head. Female is grayish with white patch below eye.

Habitat and Habits:
In summer found on lakes and rivers near woods; in winter on lakes and coastal areas. Male is usually silent; female quacks. Nests in tree cavities; 8 - 10 buff eggs.

Hen

Male has white body; reddish head; black breast, bill, and tail. Female has gray body and brown head.

Habitat and Habits:
In summer found on lakes and marshes; in winter on lakes and coastal waters. Male coos during breeding; female quacks. Nests in reeds and grasses; 7 - 12 greenish eggs.

Male is gray with light brown head, white patch on back of wing, black rump. Female is mottled brown with white patch on back of wing.

Habitat and Habits:
Found on open lakes and marshes. Male makes a whistle and "kack-kack." Nests on islands in colonies; 7 - 13 white eggs.

Male has white flanks, black head and back with round white spot below eye. Female is gray with dark head and white collar.

Habitat and Habits:
In summer found on lakes and marshes; in winter found on lakes and coastal areas. Male makes shrill whistle and female a low quack during breeding. Otherwise, usually quiet. Nests in tree cavities; 5 - 15 light green eggs.

Hen

Male is gray with white vertical bar on shoulder; rust head with green band. Female is speckled dark brown and white with dark band across eye.

Habitat and Habits:
In summer found on ponds and lakes; in winter on rivers and coastal marshes. Male whistles; females quacks. Nests in grasses, not always near water; 7 - 15 pale green eggs.

Hen

Male has white flanks with dark head, breast, and tail; speckled gray back. Female is dark brown with white spots on either side of bill base.

Habitat and Habits:
In summer found on lakes and marshes; in winter on lakes and coastal areas. Male makes a purring call; females are mostly silent. Nests in grasses near water; 8 - 14 pale green eggs.

Hen

Most common duck. Male often called "greenhead."

Habitat and Habits:
Found in deep lakes, slow rivers, ponds, and sometimes bays. Main wintering area is the lower Mississippi basin and along the Gulf Coast; many as far north as open waters permit. Female quacks loudly; male makes quiet "yeeb" or low "kwek." Nests near water; 8 - 10 greenish-white eggs.

Male has dark green head, dark back, and white neck and under-side; female is grayish-brown with reddish-brown head and white breast.

Habitat and Habits:
In summer found on lakes and rivers near woods; in winter on freshwater lakes and ponds. Nests in tree cavities and rock crevices; 8 - 11 cream eggs.

Male has dark crested head with white patches, brownish sides, and white breast. Female is gray with reddish-brown crest and lighter gray breast.

Habitat and Habits:
In summer found on rivers and lakes in wooded areas; in winter found in coastal areas. Male makes a croak-like sound; female a "gak." Nests in tree cavities; 6 - 18 white eggs.

Hen

Long-necked slender duck with pointed tail. Male has dark brown head; white breast and neck; gray flanks and wings. Female has light brown-speckled body; light brown head and neck; gray bill.

Habitat and Habits:
Summers on marshes and ponds; winters on coastal bays, lakes, and grain fields. Female quacks coarsely; male whistles. Nests near water; 6 - 12 light green eggs.

Hen

Male has dark green head, white breast, rust-colored wings. Female is brown-flecked with pale blue on shoulders.

Habitat and Habits:
Found on shallow lakes and ponds, and sometimes on brackish marshes. Male makes a croak; female quacks. Nests in grasses not always near water;
6 - 14 pale green eggs.

Hen

Male is gray with reddish head and black breast. Female is brown with darker brown back and crown.

Habitat and Habits:
Found on lakes and bays. Male makes a "meow" sound or quacks; female makes a soft low call. Nests in rushes and grasses; 9 - 13 pale eggs.

Hen

Male is black with pale gray sides. Female is brown with darker back and has white-ringed eyes.

Habitat and Habits:
In summer found on lakes and marshes; in winter found on large lakes and coastal areas. Nests in grasses near water; 6 - 14 pale green eggs.

Male is reddish-brown with black head and white cheek; in winter male looks similar to female. Female is brown, darker on head and back.

Habitat and Habits:
In summer found on lakes; in winter on coastal areas. Both sexes are mostly silent. Nests in grasses near water; 6 - 10 white eggs.

Male has colorful crested head and red eyes; iridescent greens, purples, and blues over entire body with white marking. Female is light brown speckled and has white-ringed eyes.

Habitat and Habits:
Found on swamps, ponds, and rivers near wooded areas. Male makes a "hoo-w-ett" call; female makes a "oo-eek" call. Nests in tree cavities; 10 - 15 dull whitish eggs.

Male and female both are brownish-gray; black head and tail; white patch on cheek, breast, and underside.

Habitat and Habits:
Found on lakes, marshes, fields, and parks. Male and female make honking call. Nests on water edges; 4 - 7 white eggs.

Male and female are white with dark gray on underside of wings.

Habitat and Habits:
In summer found on tundra; in winter on fields and wetlands. Male and female both honk. Nests in grasses near water in colonies; 3 - 5 white eggs.

Male and female both are long-necked and white with black legs and feet. Black bill with variably-sized yellow spot at base. Holds neck straight up. Formerly named "whistling swans." Immature brownish-gray body.

Habitat and Habits:
In spring found in upland tundra for nesting; winters on marshy lakes and bays. Male and female both have a mellow call; 2 - 7 creamy-white eggs in large nests.

North American Flyways

There are four major North American flyways—the Pacific, the Central, the Mississippi, and the Atlantic Flyways. The migration route is from the northern breeding grounds to the southern wintering grounds. The lanes of heaviest concentration conform very closely to major topographical features, following the coasts, mountain ranges, and principal river valleys. Except along the coasts, the flyway boundaries are not always sharply defined.

Pacific Flyway
Central Flyway
Mississippi Flyway
Atlantic Flyway